Schneiderian (1959) First-Rank Symptoms (FRS) of Schizophrenia

https://carnets2psycho.net/dico/sens-de-schneider.html

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/First-Rank-Symptoms-of-Schizophrenia-Initially-Described-by-K-Schneider-1959_tbl1_11999334

re: who is kurt schneider (+ 1967)
fr: wikipedia

>a german psychiatrist

>known for the DIAGNOSIS & understanding of Schizophrenia & Personality Disorders (then known as "psychopathic personalities" -- based on personality traits of prostitutes)

>mentor: philosopher MAX SCHELER (co-founder of the phenomenological movement in philosophy) who guided him in his postgraduate philos studies in 1921; schneider used scheler's THEORY OF EMOTIONS in his study

>significant contributions:

-- re: diagnosis of mood disorders
-->applied PHENOMENOLOGY in Psychiatry in "The stratification of emotional life & the structure of depressive states" (1920) where he distinguished (1) endogenous / melancholic (biological) vs (2) reactive DEPRESSION (more seen on OPD service users)

-- re: diagnosis of psychosis
-->defined DELUSION in form [s] vs content [o], i.e., by the way the belief is held vs the belief itself (like Karl Jaspers)

>lived through WWI (as a soldier) & WWII (as MD)

>director of the German Psychiatric Research Institute in Munich, but RESIGNED due to Nazi's eugenics project!

>& because of his non-eugenics stand, he was made Dean of the Medical School, Heidelberg University till his retirement in 1955

>co-founded Heidelberg school of Psychiatry with philosopher KARL JASPERS

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re: interesting additional notes on FORMS OF AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS: voice/s...

1. repeating service user's (SU's) thoughts OUT LOUD
2. discussing SU or arguing about SU referring to S in THIRD PERSON
3. discussing SU's thoughts AS or BEFORE they OCCUR
4. COMMENTING on SU's thoughts & actions

re: 2 kinds of DELUSIONS

1. primary delusion = belief arising suddenly "out of a clear blue sky" form a NORMAL perception [o]

2. delusional perception = belief that a NORMAL perception has a specific SIGNIFICANCE or MEANING [s]

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critique:
>reliability of the FRS has been questioned (Bertelsen 2002, pp. 89-93); but may be experienced more by SUs with DID (dissociative identity disorder) than Schiz (Spiegel et al. 2011, pp. 824-853); though they lack the negative symptoms of Schiz & normally do not mistake hallucinations for reality (Cardena & Gleaves 2007, [[/ 473-503).