auditory hallucination

source: https://www.rethink.org/advice-and-information/about-mental-illness/learn-more-about-symptoms/hearing-voices/

>stats: 1/10

>types:
- people talk TO you
- people talk ABOUT you
- hearing music
- hearing animal voices
- hearing background noises, e.g. people chat

>quality:
- positive
-- help understand more about your emotions
-- encourage & comfort
-- help, e.g. remind of to-do things

- negative
-- threaten you
-- tell you to hurt yourself or others
-- say hurtful or cruel things about you or others
-- frightening

NB: can be more upsetting during difficult or stressful times

>differential (vs intrusive thoughts)
-- auditory hallucination -- you hear a SOUND
-- intrusive thoughts = "an unwelcome thought or image that enters your mind & mostly out of your CONTROL"

anxiety vs panic disorder

as can be seen above, panic is more severe than anxiety :-)

source: instagram.com/healthline

Schneiderian (1959) First-Rank Symptoms (FRS) of Schizophrenia

https://carnets2psycho.net/dico/sens-de-schneider.html

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/First-Rank-Symptoms-of-Schizophrenia-Initially-Described-by-K-Schneider-1959_tbl1_11999334

re: who is kurt schneider (+ 1967)
fr: wikipedia

>a german psychiatrist

>known for the DIAGNOSIS & understanding of Schizophrenia & Personality Disorders (then known as "psychopathic personalities" -- based on personality traits of prostitutes)

>mentor: philosopher MAX SCHELER (co-founder of the phenomenological movement in philosophy) who guided him in his postgraduate philos studies in 1921; schneider used scheler's THEORY OF EMOTIONS in his study

>significant contributions:

-- re: diagnosis of mood disorders
-->applied PHENOMENOLOGY in Psychiatry in "The stratification of emotional life & the structure of depressive states" (1920) where he distinguished (1) endogenous / melancholic (biological) vs (2) reactive DEPRESSION (more seen on OPD service users)

-- re: diagnosis of psychosis
-->defined DELUSION in form [s] vs content [o], i.e., by the way the belief is held vs the belief itself (like Karl Jaspers)

>lived through WWI (as a soldier) & WWII (as MD)

>director of the German Psychiatric Research Institute in Munich, but RESIGNED due to Nazi's eugenics project!

>& because of his non-eugenics stand, he was made Dean of the Medical School, Heidelberg University till his retirement in 1955

>co-founded Heidelberg school of Psychiatry with philosopher KARL JASPERS

=================================================
re: interesting additional notes on FORMS OF AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS: voice/s...

1. repeating service user's (SU's) thoughts OUT LOUD
2. discussing SU or arguing about SU referring to S in THIRD PERSON
3. discussing SU's thoughts AS or BEFORE they OCCUR
4. COMMENTING on SU's thoughts & actions

re: 2 kinds of DELUSIONS

1. primary delusion = belief arising suddenly "out of a clear blue sky" form a NORMAL perception [o]

2. delusional perception = belief that a NORMAL perception has a specific SIGNIFICANCE or MEANING [s]

=================================================

critique:
>reliability of the FRS has been questioned (Bertelsen 2002, pp. 89-93); but may be experienced more by SUs with DID (dissociative identity disorder) than Schiz (Spiegel et al. 2011, pp. 824-853); though they lack the negative symptoms of Schiz & normally do not mistake hallucinations for reality (Cardena & Gleaves 2007, [[/ 473-503).

thought alienation

source: dictionary.apa.org >thought alienation

= psychotic symptom in which patients feel their thoughts are in some way no longer within their CONTROL, including:

1. thought INSERTION*

2. thought WITHDRAWAL**

3. thought BROADCASTING***

all these are considered Schneiderian first-rank symptoms highly indicative of Schizophrenia
-----------------

1. source: dictionary.apa.org >thought-insertion
*thought insertion. a delusion in which the individual believes that thoughts have been irresistibly forced into his or her mind and ascribes these thoughts to outside sources.

2. source: en.wikipedia.org >thought-withdrawal
**In psychiatry, thought withdrawal is the delusional belief that thoughts have been 'taken out' of the patient's mind, and the patient has no power over this. It often accompanies thought blocking. ... This delusion is one of Schneider's first rank symptoms for schizophrenia.

3. source: en.wikipedia.org
**thought BROADCASTING = belief that others can HEAR or are AWARE of one's thoughts (mild form: service user DOUBTS such a perception) 

types of OCD

source: northpintrecovery.com >blog >types-ocd-get-bre

1. checking

2. contamination

3. mental contamination

4. hoarding

5. rumination

6. INTRUSIVE THOUGHTS

===============================================================
my comment: i can relate to # 6, which is a symptom of PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder)! :-)

4As of Schizophrenia by Paul Eugen Bleuler

source: behavenet.com >paul-eugen-bleuler (swiss psychiatrist, student & self-analyzed by freud, taught jung as doctoral student, resigned from the international psychoanalytic association in 1911 because he did not believe in the"all-or-nothing" principle in psychiatry)

1. disturbance of A = affect
2. disturbance of A= association
3. A = ambivalence
4. A = autism

source: wikipedia

1-3 = directly caused by underlying biological process

>known for coining the word SCHIZOPHRENIA (1908) to replace Emil Kraeplin's "dementia praecox", also SCHIZOID, & AUTISMA

>believed that no one ever completely gets "cured" from schiz, but progressively deteriorates vs mere recurrence

>as a "eugenicist," he advocated for the STERILIZATION of patients diagnosed with or were predisposed to schiz (citing natural selection)

>dynamics involved in schiz, SPLIT BETWEEN FEELING AND THINKING FUNCTIONS of the personality (Gregory 2004, p. 697).

>he was also against INSTITUTIONALIZATION, instead encouraged integration with the community

>author: Textbook of Psychiatry (1916)

>critique: "Bleuler is not credited of ever having healed a single patient. Like Sigmund Freud, he EXPERIMENTED on patients in his care, many were (1) sterilized & many (2) committed suicide (Huevns & Ghaemi 2004, p. 353).

t/c bipolar 2, rapid cycling thought disorder

03/08/2019 tala 08:04pm

Re: thought disorder_sample

>”Doc, help me. Destructed ako. Ayaw na huminto ng utak ko kaka icp. Kahit natutulog ako nag iicip tlaga. Lagi ako may kausap sa icipan ko. Nonood nlng ako ng tv para dmag icp. Nag iicp parin.

“Hnd ko nan a experience sa buhay ko ang umupo at magkape ng wlang iniicp.

“Natatakot ako bka magising nlng ako isang araw na d ko na kilala mga tao at sarili ko. Nare realize ko nlng ngsasalita nap la ako sabay tingen sa paligid ko baka my nakakita skn nan g sasalita.”

(Me: “Hu ds pls?”)

>”Marame na akong nakalimutan. Mga schedules, kapag my kausap akong ibang tao, nakikinig nmn ako pero saglet lng parang dko na sya naririnig at my ibang ka kwentohan na ako sa isipan ko. Mga usual kong ginagawa nalilito at dko na alam ang pg SUNUD-SUNOD.

“Kahapon naligo ako, lumabas na ako ng banyo para mag bihis then na bigla nlng ako tuyo ung buhok ko….

“Nakakalimutan ko na rin kumain, mga maliliit na detalyo nakakalimutan ko gaya ng susi, mag suot ng underwear, at kung ano ano pa

“Dko ma CONRTOL ang labe ko. My BINUBULONG BULONG. kakahya sa mga nakakita.

“For the past 3 days. Ayaw ko my kausap after 3 days SUPER EMOTIONAL ako at umiiyak bong araw at nakikipag AWAY sa asawa ko kahapon. Tapos ngaun dto sa kwarto bumabalik ako sa senaryo na MY KAUSAP.

“Sori kung na kwento koi to para kung makalimutanko mabasa man lang mg mga mahal ko sa buhayang txt ko na ito.

“Doc. Pls wag na akong mag pakilala. Pasyent nyo po ako. Pero nahhya na tlaga ako.

(“PUNTA KA D2 SA LUNTES 8AM! IMPORTANTE)

“Ang dameng THOUGHTS sa isipan ko. Nakakahiya. Noon iniiicp ko lng nag GUMANTI, pero ngayn iba ibang CHANNEL na sa utak ko. Iba ibang senaryo. Iba ibang kwento.”My mga araw pakiramdam ko isa akong magaling na ABOGADO atlhat ng ng aapi skin RA RA lng katapat. Minsan nakikita ko nmn ang sarili ko na isa kong MILYONARYO. At that sila my pag lalagyan skn… Minsan para nmn akong my SUPER POWERS na isang kisap mata mkaka GANTI ako sa kanila. Minsan biglang iba ang iniicip ko. Nakakakita ako ng lamay sa thoughts ko tapos IIYAK na ako nyan tapos bigla akong kakabahan papawisan nauutal, ano un? I think hnd na ako normal.

“Baka nmn ung gamut na binibigay nyo skn pang pa abnormal… Baka un ang side effect non. AYAW NA TUMIGIL ANG UTAK KO KAKA ISIP. KAKAPAGOD NA

“Minsan nkkta ko sa isip ko na isa akong magaling na pyanista, minsa isang artista. Minan politician,… Kapag nasa actual event ako wla ako masagot o masabe man lng pero pag ka talikod ko ng umpisa na ako mgpaliwanag maklag talo sa utak ko na parang andon ako saevet na un.

“Minsan OVER SPEEDING ako sa pag drive d ko alam bakat na parang pinalilipad ko na motor ko.

“Nakakalimutan ko NA minsan mag suklay. Ang gulo na simula to nong uminop ako ng SERTREALIN.

“Baket all caps txt mo doc? Kinakabhan ako galet ka?”